Еще пару примеров
8) Clonidine is a medication that that is used in hypertension treatment relaxing the blood vessels and letting the heart beat easier and slower.
Side effects:
Clonidine can cause both serious side-effects (e.g. fever, quickened heartbeat, difficulties with breathing, confusion, slow heart rate, hallucinations, pale skin, obesity, hands and legs swelling) and less serious side-effects (e.g. weakness, joint or muscle pain, vomiting, gas, mild nausea, diarrhea, headache or stomach pain, appetite loss, dry mouth, itching or rash, insomnia, dizziness, impotence, nervousness, constipation).
Indication:
Clonidine is used during hypertension treatment. Also used as an auxiliary medication in treating strong pain caused by cancer, pheochromocytoma, prophylaxis of vascular migraine headaches,
dysmenorrhea, other symptoms that accompany menopause, detoxification, nicotine dependence,
alcohol withdrawal, intraocular pressure, hemorrhagic, glaucoma, open-angle and secondary glaucoma, ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder).
Precautions:
Consult you doctor about treatment with Clonidine if you:
- have some allergy to Clonidine or one of the ingredients;
- have some heart problems (e.g. slow heart rate)
- are pregnant or breast-feeding or are planning to have a baby
Dosage forms:
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral 0.025 mg
Tablet Oral 0.1 mg
Tablet Oral 0.2 mg
Tablet Oral 0.3 mg
Patch Transdermal 0.1 mg/24 hours
Patch Transdermal 0.2 mg/24 hours
Patch Transdermal 0.3 mg/24 hours
Injection, solution Epidural 100 mcg/ml
Injection, solution,
concentrate Epidural 500 mcg/ml
Clonidine is taken per os (by mouth).
Commonly it is recommended to start with 50-100 mcg of Clonidine TID.
Your therapeutist can increase the dose if needed.
By many people the blood pressure can be controlled when taking 300 – 1200 mcg
9) Diabetes is a disease which is characterized by high level of sugar or glucose (that comes with food while eating) in blood. The hormone that makes it possible for glucose to get into the cells and give energy to them is insulin. Diabetes is divided into two types. If you have type 1, insulin isn’t made by your body. Type 2 is more common. If you have type 2, your body can’t use or make the insulin in a proper way. The glucose will stay in the blood if there is not enough insulin.
Signs and symptoms:
If the glucose level in blood is high some serious symptoms can appear:
- Fatigue, blurred vision;
- Hunger, increased thirst;
- Blurry vision;
- Weight loss;
- Excessive thirst;
- Frequent urination;
- Vomiting and nausea.
-
Possible сomplications:
Being treated in an improper way Diabetes can have the following possible complications:
- Diabetic ketoacidosis;
- Atherosclerosis;
- Hyperlipidemia;
- Peripheral vascular disease;
- Coronary artery disease;
- Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma;
- Erection problems;
- Infections of the urinary tract and skin;
- diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy;
- Stroke;
- Hypertension.
What causes?
If you have type 1, insulin isn’t made by your body because the immune system of the body attacks and destroys cells where insulin is produced. Environmental and genetic risk factors may be the cause of type 1 appearing. According to other theory type 1 appears after some virus.
Type 2 is more common. If you have type 2, your body can’t use or make the insulin in a proper way. The older a person becomes, the more is he predisposed to having diabetes type 2. The reason why the type 2 may occur is unknown. Lifestyle, genetics and obesity are considered to play a considerable role. Some ethnic and racial groups (Latinos, Africans, and American Indians etc.) are at the risk group.
Prevention:
To prevent, control or postpone Diabetes the simple steps may be followed:
- Come off smoking.
- Go in for sports. Control your weight and avoid obesity.
- Do not eat fat food, eat properly and reduce alcohol drinking.
- Drink more tea or coffee.
Treatment:
While treating diabetes blood glucose level is tried to be maintained to normal. There are three ways to treat diabetes:
- Exercises that can help to burn muscle glycogen and calories and lower glucose in blood. While doing exercises insulin resistance is decreased so that insulin can manage the level of glucose normally.
- Diet (15% protein, 30% fat, 40-55% carbohydrates).
- Medicaments (Insulin, Exanatide, Pramlintide injections and other oral medications)
10) Diazepam – medication used in treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms, anxiety disorders or muscle pain. Being combined with other medicaments may be used in treating seizures. Diazepam effect consists in affecting chemicals that are situated in the brain and one day can become instable and lead to anxiety.
Side effects:
Each person is predisposed to Diazepam differently. One person can experience some side-effects while the other one can feel nothing wrong. There are some known possible side-effects that are associated with Diazepam:
- drowsiness, confusion, lightheadedness;
- amnesia (loss of memory), slurred speech;
- dizziness, tremor, headache;
- paradoxical aggression (aggression increase);
- ataxia (unsteady walk and shaky movements);
- muscle pain and weakness;
- itching or skin rash;
- diarrhea, vomiting, difficult urinating, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation.
-
Indication:
The medication is used for anxiety disorders treatment and short-range anxiety symptoms relief. Nervousness or anxiety that is caused by everyday stress does not need to be treated with the anxiolytic. Spasticity, stiff-man syndrome, athetosis, skeletal muscle spasm can be also treated with this medication.
Precautions:
- Do not drink alcohol during Diazepam the treatment.
- Diazepam can cause muscle weakness and somnolence, decreases alertness and concentration.
- Diazepam is used only for short-range treatment. Long-period use can cause dependence andtolerance to the Diazepam. Sudden treatment stop may lead to withdrawal symptoms occurrence.
- The doctor will instruct you how to stop the treatment gradually so that the withdrawal symptoms (e.g. tremor, confusion, insomnia, sweating, anxiety, appetite loss or convulsions) do not appear.
Dosage forms:
The doctor will individualize the dosage to achieve the best effect.
Common daily dose for adults is:
For Symptomatic Relief in Acute Alcohol Withdrawal - 10mg TID or QID during the first twenty-four hours. Then reduce the dose to 5 mg TID or QID.
For relief of anxiety symptoms and management of anxiety disorders - 2 -10 mg, BID or QID.
By adjunctively and convulsive disorders - 2 - 10 mg, BID or QID.
By geriatric Patients, in case of debilitating disease – 2 - 20 mg, once or BID.
For skeletal muscle spasm relief – 2 -10 mg TID or QID.
For children:
The lowest dose is recommended in view of various CNS-acting drugs reactions. Diazepam is not intended for babies under 6 month. At the beginning 1 – 2 mg of the Diazepam is to be taken. The dosage may be increased by the doctor.
11) Metformin is an antidiabetic drug used to help patients with diabetes of type 2 to react to insulin. It is usually combined with insulin and other medicaments. Metformin is not used for diabetes (type 1) treatment.
Metformin can cause both serious side-effects (e.g. flu symptoms, fever, body aches, chills, rapid weight gain, swelling, difficulties with breathing) and less serious side-effects (e.g. weakness, muscle pain, vomiting, gas, mild nausea, diarrhea, headache or stomach pain).
In case you have symptoms (even mild) of lactic acidosis, call an ambulance. The lactic acidosis symptoms are: feeling dizzy, tired, weak or light-headed; difficult breathing, arms and legs numbness, muscle pain, asthenia, uneven or slow heart rate.
Indication: used for improving glycemic control by patients over 18 years old with diabetes (type 2)
Precautions:
Before starting the Metformin intake let your pharmacist or doctor know if you:
- have liver or kidney problems;
- ever had problems with heart or circulation;
- plan to have a baby, are already pregnant or breastfeeding;
- ever had allergic reaction to Metformin or any other medications;
- ever had a surgery or are going to have one in future;
- you drink a lot of spirits;
- ever had a serious injury;
- ever had an x-ray with a dye being injected;
- have diabetic ketoacidosis.
Dosage forms:
Children (10-16 years old) should start with 500 mg of Metformin two times a day. The highest dosing level of Metformin for children is 2000 mg (divided into 2-3 doses) a day.
Adults (17 years old and more) should start with 500 mg of Metformin two times a day or 850 mg once a day. The highest dosing level of Metformin for adults is 2200 mg (divided into 2-3 doses) a day.
If you are taking Metformin together with insulin, it is recommended to start with 500 mg once a day. The highest dosing level of Metformin taken together with insulin is 2500 mg a day. The dose of insulin usually remains the same as before.
12) Methadone is a medication (synthetic opioid) used in drug addiction treatment. During the heroin dependence treatment heroin is substituted by methadone. In some cases methadone is prescribed to the patients who suffer from acute pain (e.g. to the ones who have cancer) and severe cough.
Dosage:
Methadone Titration Plan Opioid (Naive Patient) - Oral administration
Week Dosage pro Day
1 2.5 mg two times a day 5 mg
2 5 mg two times a day 10 mg
3 7.5 mg two times a day 15 mg
4 10 mg two times a day 20 mg
5 10 mg three times a day 30 mg
6 20 mg two times a day
(10 mg four times a day) 40 mg
Methadone Titration Plan Opioid (Tolerant Patient)
Week Dosage pro Day
1 5 mg three times a day 15 mg
2 10 mg three times a day 30 mg
3 15 mg three times a day 45 mg
4 20 mg three times a day 60 mg
5 25 mg three times a day 75 mg
Possible side effects:
- Lightheadedness;
- Sweating;
- Dizziness;
- Nausea;
- Sedation;
- Vomiting
Following side effects (quite insignificant) can also possibly occur:
- Migraine;
- Stomach pain;
- Obesity;
- Loss of appetite;
- Insomnia;
- Low sexual activity;
- Weakness;
- Dry mouth;
- Constipation;
- Redness.
.
Indication: the medication is used pain, cough and drug addiction treatment.
Precautions: Methadone is not recommended for taking in by children. If you ever had a tumor, brain concussion or a stroke, consult your doctor. Give up smoking and avoid alcohol. Cigarette smoke may reduce the effectiveness of methadone. After methadone taking do not drive as the medication causes somnolence. Consult your therapist if you have ulcerative colitis, bradyarrhythmias, recent gastrointestinal surgery, fever, convulsive disorder, central nervous system depression, supraventricular tachycardia, pulmonary diseases.
13) Methocarbamol is a medication used to treat muscle pain, spasms that appear after injuries, strains, etc. This medication should be used together with physical therapy and relaxation.
If your organism can not tolerate the medication effect, your body shows peculiar reactions (i.e. side-effects). In case with methocarbamol these side-effects are mostly insignificant and can be easily controlled and treated. However, infrequently they can also be unsafe and threaten your life. Such reactions as hypotension (low blood pressure), bradycardia (decreased heart rate), voter fatigue, leucopenia (low rate of white blood cells), fainting, jaundice (yellow skin), inflammation and vein swelling.
Recommended Methocarbamol dosage:
Methocarbamol pills come out in 500 mg and 750 mg. It is recommended to start the Methocarbamol intake with 1500 mg (3 x 500 mg or 2 x 750 mg) QID (four times a day) in the first two or three treatment days. Later, the dosage has to be decreased to 1500 mg BID (two times a day), 1000 mg QID or 6 x 750 mg.
Methocarbamol Injection dosage:
Only one 1-gram (1000 mg) dose of methocarbamol intramuscularly or intravenously is enough. After that the person can start methocarbamol tablets intake.
Indication: for acute musculoskeletal pain relief along with physical therapy and relaxation.
Precautions: After Methocarbamol intake, avoid driving, operating machinery as it can affect physical and/or mental abilities and slow down reactions. Be careful about driving or performing
hazardous tasks until you are completely sure that methacarbamol causes no side-effects. Avoid combining Methocarbamol with other CNS depressants and alcohol. Patients should consult a doctor if you already suffer from myasthenia gravis.
14) Metoprolol is a beta-adrenergic blocker used for hypertension (high blood pressure), abnormal rhythms of the heart, heart pain, acute myocardial infarction, angina and several other problems with the cardiovascular system.
Side effects:
Serious side effects of the metoprolol intake can be bradycardia (slow heartbeat), impotence, drowsiness, weakness, depression, bronchospasm, disorientation, nervousness, constipation, vomiting, nausea, problems with sleep, dizziness, fatigue, difficult breathing, memory loss, confusion, anxiety, unstable mood, diarrhea, emotional lability, cold extremities.
Less severe side effects can be nervousness, diarrhea, heartburn, dry mouth, vomiting, anxiety, headache, feeling tired, drowsiness, constipation, insomnia, and decreased sex drive
.
Indication: used while treating angina pectoris and hypertension.
Precautions:
It is not recommended to take metoprolol if you are allergic or hypersensitive to any:
- beta-blocker medication;
- medication that contains metoprolol;
- ingredient that is listed below.
It is not recommended to take metoprolol if you are lactose intolerant. Lactose is one of the Terry White Chemists Metoprolol ingredients.
It is not recommended to take metoprolol if you suffer from:
- Hay fever;
- Asthma;
- Shock;
- heart failure and other heart problems;
- slow heart beat;
- low blood pressure;
- blood vessel disorder;
- phaeochromocytoma
Before starting Metoprolol treatment consult your doctor if you:
- are allergic to some substances (preservatives, dyes or food) or other medications;
- suffer or had various allergies( e.g. hay fever), lactose intolerance, angina (variant angina or prinzmetal angina), overactive thyroid gland, heart diseases, phaeochromocytoma, liver or kidney problems, diabetes, blood vessel disorder, problems with skin or eyes that were cause by other beta-blocker medications;
- are pregnant, breastfeeding or are only planning to have a baby. Metoprolol can affect the fetus. Your therapeutist will tell you about all the benefits and risks of Metoprolol treatment during the pregnancy.
Dosage forms:
Metoprolol tablets are released in: 25, 50, 100 mg and 200 mg. Metoprolol injection - 1 mg/ml
Your therapeutist should individualize the Metoprolol dosage. The medication must be taken during or after meal.
While treating:
- Angina Pectoris start with 100 mg a day (single dose). The dosage can be gradually increased by your therapeutist to 400 mg a day. When the treatment is stopped the doctor will gradually decrease the dose during 1-2 weeks.
- Heart Failure start with 25 mg once a day during two weeks. After that the doctor can double the dose to maximum. The recommended highest level is 200 mg a day.
- High Blood Pressure start with 50-100 mg one time a day. The dosage can be gradually increased by your therapeutist to 400 mg a day. The metoprolol effectiveness will be seen in a week.
- Heart Attack. The dosage will be determined by your doctor individually.
It is unknown if the Metoprolol is safe and effective for treating children.
15) Lyrica – medication used for the treatment of pain that appears after nerve disorder by patients with diabetes, herpes zoster (shingles) infection, fibromyalgia. Lyrica is also combined with other medications in order to treat some seizures types.
Side effects:
There is a row of severe side effects after Lyrica intake (weakness, muscle pain, sensitiveness, quick weight put on, hands or feet swelling) and other less severe side effects (anxiety, stomach pain, dry mouth, muscle or joint pain, constipation, concentration or memory problems, increased appetite, itching or skin rash, coordination or balance loss, drowsiness or dizziness).
Indication: for pain relief caused by damage of nerves due to postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Precautions:
Consult your therapeutist or pharmacist if you are allergic to some medications as anticonvulsant medicines, barbiturates or some substances (preservatives, dyes or food). In case you have kidney problems, depression, congestive heart failure, diabetes, hereditary galactose metabolism problems, tell you therapeutist about it. The medication isn’t recommended if you are pregnant. However, if you suffer from epilepsy and it is needed to take Lyrica, your therapeutist can decide whether you should or shouldn’t start Lyrica treatment. During Lyrica intake it is not recommended to breast-feed, because the effect of Lyrica on milk is unknown.
Dosage forms:
Lyrica is released in 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 225 mg, and 300 mg Capsules and 20 mg/mL oral solution.
The medication can be taken during meal or without food. At the beginning it is recommended to start with 50 mg TID (150 mg a day). After one week the dose can be increased to 300 mg a day (100 mg x TID).
In case of postherpetic neuralgia take 75-150 mg BID or 50-100 mg TID. If the pain is inadequate after 15-30 days, the dose can be increased to 300 mg BID or 200 mg TID. The exceeding of the dose can lead to side-effects. During seizures treatment start with 150 mg a day and increase the dose gradually till 600 mg a day.